Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of
many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression …

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, creating a high
medical and socioeconomic burden. There is a growing interest in the biological …

Major depression is a prevalent illness that increases the risk of several neurological
conditions. These include stroke, cardiovascular disease, and dementia including …

Late-life depression occurring in older adults is common, recurrent, and malignant. It is
characterized by affective symptoms, but also cognitive decline, medical comorbidity, and …

There is growing appreciation of key roles of the gut microbiota in maintaining homeostasis
and influencing brain and behaviour at critical windows across the lifespan. Mounting …

The vagus nerve plays a role in the cross talk between the brain and gut microbiota, which
could be involved in depression. The subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve serves as a major …

Notwithstanding advances in understanding the pathophysiology of major depressive
disorder (MDD), no single mechanism can explain all facets of this disorder. An expanding …

Importance Insufficient treatment response and resulting chronicity constitute a major
problem in depressive disorders. Remission rates range as low as 15% to 40% and …

Immune dysregulated cytokine production is involved in mental diseases. However, the
results are inconsistent and the pattern of cytokine alterations has not been compared …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide. There is an
urgent need for objective biomarkers to diagnose this highly heterogeneous syndrome …