Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The present paper addresses driving mechanisms of global monsoon (GM) variability and
outstanding issues in GM science. This is the second synthesis of the PAGES GM Working …

Due to their outstanding resolution and well-constrained chronologies, Greenland ice-core
records provide a master record of past climatic changes throughout the Last Interglacial …

Rainfall on Earth is most intense in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a narrow belt
of clouds centred on average around six degrees north of the Equator. The mean position of …

Abstract Purpose of Review The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a planetary-scale
band of heavy precipitation close to the equator. Here, we consider the response of the ITCZ …

Earth's tropical and subtropical rainbands, such as Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs)
and monsoons, are complex systems, governed by both large‐scale constraints on the …

Speleothem oxygen isotope records have revolutionized our understanding of the paleo
East Asian monsoon, yet there is fundamental disagreement on what they represent in terms …

Abrupt climate change is a striking feature of many climate records, particularly the warming
events in Greenland ice cores. These abrupt and high-amplitude events were tightly coupled …