Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules which foment
inflammation and are associated with disorders in sepsis and cancer. Thus, therapeutically …

In the tumour microenvironment (TME), immunogenic cell death (ICD) plays a major role in
stimulating the dysfunctional antitumour immune system. Chronic exposure of damage …

Glia are as numerous in the brain as neurons and widely known to serve supportive roles
such as structural scaffolding, extracellular ionic and neurotransmitter homeostasis, and …

Beyond the consolidated role in degrading and recycling cellular waste, the autophagic-and
endo-lysosomal systems play a crucial role in extracellular release pathways. Lysosomal …

Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

Lysosomes are ubiquitous membrane-bound intracellular organelles with an acidic interior.
They are central for degradation and recycling of macromolecules delivered by endocytosis …

Abstract Pannexin 1 (PANX1) is an ATP-permeable channel with critical roles in a variety of
physiological functions such as blood pressure regulation, apoptotic cell clearance and …