Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with type 2 cytokines
interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, which promote airway eosinophilia, mucus …

Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

Abstract Interleukin-33 (IL-33)—a member of the IL-1 family—was originally described as an
inducer of type 2 immune responses, activating T helper 2 (TH2) cells and mast cells. Now …

Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, play an important role in the host
defense against pathogens and allergens by producing Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 …

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are distributed systemically and produce type 2
cytokines in response to a variety of stimuli, including the epithelial cytokines interleukin (IL) …

Helminths are extraordinarily successful parasites due to their ability to modulate the host
immune response. They have evolved a spectrum of immunomodulatory molecules that are …

The small intestinal tuft cell-ILC2 circuit mediates epithelial responses to intestinal helminths
and protists by tuft cell chemosensory-like sensing and IL-25-mediated activation of lamina …

Environmental exposures interplay with human host factors to promote the development and
progression of allergic diseases. The worldwide prevalence of allergic disease is rising as a …

Parasitic helminths and allergens induce a type 2 immune response leading to profound
changes in tissue physiology, including hyperplasia of mucus-secreting goblet cells and …

The skin provides both a physical barrier and an immunologic barrier to external threats. The
protective machinery of the skin has evolved to provide situation-specific responses to …