Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Large amounts of antibiotics used for human therapy, as well as for farm animals and even
for fish in aquaculture, resulted in the selection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple …

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common cause of E. coli diarrhea in
farm animals. ETEC are characterized by the ability to produce two types of virulence factors …

The MacB ABC transporter forms a tripartite efflux pump with the MacA adaptor protein and
TolC outer membrane exit duct to expel antibiotics and export virulence factors from Gram …

SUMMARY ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are universally distributed among living
organisms and function in many different aspects of bacterial physiology. ABC transporters …

RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Division) family transporters are widespread especially
among Gram-negative bacteria, and catalyze the active efflux of many antibiotics and …

Abstract The MacA–MacB–TolC assembly of Escherichia coli is a transmembrane machine
that spans the cell envelope and actively extrudes substrates, including macrolide antibiotics …

MacB is an ABC transporter that collaborates with the MacA adaptor protein and TolC exit
duct to drive efflux of antibiotics and enterotoxin STII out of the bacterial cell. Here we …

Multidrug efflux transporters are a plague in the antibiotic resistance mechanisms as they
confer the capacity of bacteria to evade most of current therapies. Although these …