To predict and explain the behavior of others, one must understand that their actions are
determined not by reality but by their beliefs about reality. Classically, children come to …

Intense controversy surrounds the question of when children first understand that others can
hold false beliefs. Results from traditional tasks suggest that false-belief understanding does …

This Element discusses contemporary theories of embodied cognition, including what has
been termed the'4Es'(embodied, embedded, extended and enactive cognition). It examines …

A growing body of infant studies with various implicit, non-verbal measures has suggested
that Theory of Mind (ToM) may emerge much earlier than previously assumed. While explicit …

Mature moral judgments include an analysis of both the outcomes of others' actions as well
as the mental states that drive them. While adults easily incorporate both intention and …

From early in life, human infants appear capable of taking others' perspectives, and can do
so even when the other's perspective conflicts with the infant's perspective. Infants' success …

Communication requires the abilities to generate and interpret utterances and to infer the
beliefs, desires, and goals of others (“Theory of Mind”; ToM). These two abilities have been …

When tested with traditional false-belief tasks, which require answering a standard question
about the likely behavior of an agent with a false belief, children perform below chance until …

Touch is central to interpersonal interactions. Touch conveys specific emotions about the
touch provider, but it is not clear whether this is a purely socially learned function or whether …

A number of two-systems accounts have been proposed to explain the apparent
discrepancy between infants' early success in nonverbal mindreading tasks, on the one …