The cost of supporting traits that increase mating opportunities and maximize the production
of quality offspring is paid in energy. This currency of reproduction is enabled by …

The peripartum period, characterized by dynamic hormonal shifts and physiological
adaptations, has been recognized as a potentially vulnerable period for the development of …

Birds exhibit a variety of migration strategies. Because sustained flap** flight requires the
production of elevated levels of energy compared to typical daily activities, migratory birds …

Background Mitochondrial heteroplasmy reflects genetic diversity within individuals due to
the presence of varying mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, possibly affecting …

Intra-specific variation in both the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and mitochondrial efficiency
(the amount of ATP produced per unit of oxygen consumed) has profound evolutionary and …

Evolutionary biologists are interested in finding universal patterns of covariation between
macroscopic and molecular traits. Knowledge of such laws of life can be essential for …

Objective The aim of this study was to measure the impact of different risk factors in middle-
aged women on longevity evaluated after three decades of an initial health screening …

Reproduction and environmental stressors are generally thought to be associated with a
cost to the individual experiencing them, but the physiological mechanisms mediating costs …

An increase of circulating glucocorticoids in reproductive females may augment allocation of
resources towards self-maintenance and away from offspring. Thus, elevated circulating …