Transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels are sophisticated signaling machines that
detect a wide variety of environmental and physiological signals. Every cell in the body …

Animal venom is an important evolutionary innovation in nature. As one of the most
representative animal venoms, scorpion venom contains an extremely diverse set of …

The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is expressed in pain-sensing
neurons and other tissues and has become a major target in the development of novel …

The Buthidae family of scorpions consists of arthropods with significant medical relevance,
as their venom contains a diverse range of biomolecules, including neurotoxins that …

Venoms have evolved> 100 times in all major animal groups, and their components, known
as toxins, have been fine-tuned over millions of years into highly effective biochemical …

A fundamental subdivision of nociceptive sensory neurons is named after their unique
sensitivity to capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in hot chili peppers: these are the capsaicin …

Therapeutic angiogenesis represents an emerging strategy to treat ischemic diseases by
stimulating blood vessel growth to rescue local blood perfusion. Therefore, injured …

Thermal and noxious stimuli are detected by specialized nerve endings, which transform the
stimuli into electrical signals and transmit the signals into central nervous system to facilitate …

Venoms from marine and terrestrial animals (cone snails, scorpions, spiders, snakes,
centipedes, cnidarian, etc.) can be seen as an untapped cocktail of biologically active …

The airway epithelium plays a critical role in innate responses to airborne allergens by
secreting IL-1 family cytokines such as IL-1α and IL-33 as alarmins that subsequently …