During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the presence of HBV-specific antibody producing B
cells and functional HBV-specific T cells (with helper or cytotoxic effects) ultimately …

The adaptive immune response is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease
pathogenesis during hepatitis B virus infection. It is generally acknowledged that the …

Although the CD4+-and CD8+-T-cell responses to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) are thought to
be crucial for the control of HBV infection, the relative contribution of each T-cell subset as …

Dysfunctional CD8+ T cells present in chronic virus infections can express programmed
death 1 (PD-1) molecules, and the inhibition of the engagement of PD-1 with its ligand (PD …

It is widely believed that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is completely cleared by antiviral
antibodies and specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during acute viral hepatitis. We now …

More than 250 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B despite the availability of
highly effective vaccines and oral antivirals. Although innate and adaptive immune cells play …

The function of the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is largely unknown because it is not
required for viral assembly, replication, or infection. In this report we chronicle clinical and …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of chronic liver inflammation worldwide. Recent
knowledge of the virological and immunological events secondary to HBV infection has …

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are noncytopathic, hepatotropic
members of the hepadnavirus (HBV) and ffavivirus (HCV) families that cause acute and …

In animals, effective immune responses against malignancies and against several infectious
pathogens, including malaria, are mediated by T cells. Here we show that a heterologous …