Animals experience varying levels of predation risk as they navigate heterogeneous
landscapes, and behavioral responses to perceived risk can structure ecosystems. The …

The landscape of fear (LOF) concept posits that prey navigate spatial heterogeneity in
perceived predation risk, balancing risk mitigation against other activities necessary for …

Both fire and predators have strong influences on the population dynamics and behaviour of
animals, and the effects of predators may either be strengthened or weakened by fire …

Non‐consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognised for their capacity to
shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator …

A “landscape of fear”(LOF) is a map that describes continuous spatial variation in an
animal's perception of predation risk. The relief on this map reflects, for example, places that …

Dugongs and manatees, the only fully aquatic herbivorous mammals, live in the coastal
waters, rivers and lakes of more than 80 subtropical and tropical countries. Symbols of fierce …

Predators alter prey dynamics by direct killing and through the costs of antipredator
responses or risk effects. Antipredator behavior includes proactive responses to long-term …

Predator-prey interactions, including between large mammalian wildlife species, can be
represented as a “space race”, where prey try to minimize and predators maximize spatial …

Global declines of shark populations are of concern because of their largely assumed role
as moderators of ecosystem function. Without long-term data on movement patterns for …

One of the classic ecological questions is how predators affect population size. This is often
assessed by measuring how many individuals are killed by a predator, yet such direct effects …