Since the evolution of the aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have
represented significant challenges to diverse life forms. In recent decades, increasing …

Understanding of secular evolution of the Earth system is based largely on the rock and
mineral archive preserved in the continental lithosphere. Based on the frequency and range …

Mineral–microbe interactions play important roles in environmental change, biogeochemical
cycling of elements and formation of ore deposits. Minerals provide both beneficial (physical …

Physical laws—such as the laws of motion, gravity, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics—
codify the general behavior of varied macroscopic natural systems across space and time …

Oxidative stress (OS) is a metabolic dysfunction mediated by the imbalance between the
biochemical processes leading to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Eukaryotic life appears to have flourished surprisingly late in the history of our planet. This
view is based on the low diversity of diagnostic eukaryotic fossils in marine sediments of mid …

The defining trait of obligate anaerobes is that oxygen blocks their growth, yet the underlying
mechanisms are unclear. A popular hypothesis was that these microorganisms failed to …

Oxygen is necessary for aerobic metabolism but can cause the harmful oxidation of lipids
and other macromolecules. Oxidation of cholesterol and phospholipids containing …

The origin of eukaryotes remains unclear,,–. Current data suggest that eukaryotes may have
emerged from an archaeal lineage known as 'Asgard'archaea,. Despite the eukaryote-like …

Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes to have evolved oxygenic photosynthesis,
transforming the biology and chemistry of our planet. Genomic and evolutionary studies …