Kelp forest ecosystems and their associated ecosystem services are declining around the
world. In response, marine managers are working to restore and counteract these declines …

Human harvest of animals in the wild occurs in terrestrial and aquatic habitats throughout
the world and is often intense. Harvest has the potential to cause three types of genetic …

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an essential tool for reversing the global degradation of
ocean life. Hence, it is important to know which types of MPAs are more effective, and under …

A pronounced, widespread and persistent regime shift among marine ecosystems is
observable on temperate rocky reefs as a result of sea urchin overgrazing. Here, we …

Sea urchin barrens are benthic communities on rocky subtidal reefs that are dominated by
urchins and coralline algae; in the absence of intense herbivory by urchins, these barrens …

The study and implementation of no-take marine reserves have increased rapidly over the
past decade, providing ample data on the biological effects of reserve protection for a wide …

Trophic cascades—the top-down regulation of ecosystems by predators—are an essential
aspect of ecosystem function and well-being. Trophic cascades are often drastically …

The largest seaweed, giant kelp (Macrocystis) is the fastest growing and most prolific of all
plants found on earth. Growing from the seafloor and extending along the ocean surface in …

A key consideration in assessing impacts of climate change is the possibility of synergistic
effects with other human-induced stressors. In the ocean realm, climate change and …

Decadal-scale observations of marine reserves suggest that indirect effects on taxa that
occur through cascading trophic interactions take longer to develop than direct effects on …