The mechanical properties of polymer gels devote to emerging devices and machines in
fields such as biomedical engineering, flexible bioelectronics, biomimetic actuators, and …

Inspired by the flexible joints of humans, actuators containing soft joints have been
developed for various applications, including soft grippers, artificial muscles, and wearable …

Artificial muscles are promising in soft exoskeletons, locomotion robots, and operation
machines. However, their performance in contraction ratio, output force, and dynamic …

Diffusion is one of the key nature processes which plays an important role in respiration,
digestion, and nutrient transport in cells. In this regard, the present article aims to review …

The advancement of precision medicine in modern biomedicine has been significantly
propelled by the emergence of micro/nanorobots. The combination of micro/nanorobots and …

Microbot collectives can cooperate to accomplish complex tasks that are difficult for a single
individual. However, various force-induced microbot collectives maintained by weak …

Microactuators can autonomously convert external energy into specific mechanical motions.
With the feature sizes varying from the micrometer to millimeter scale, microactuators offer …

Microrobots have shown great potential in many applications, such as non‐invasive surgery,
tissue engineering, precision medicine, and environmental remediation. Within the past …

Nanomotors, as a new type of micro-device, show good performance in terms of rapid
transportation and deep penetration through their autonomous motion. However, their ability …

Functionalized microrobots, which are directionally manipulated in a controlled and precise
manner for specific tasks, face challenges. However, magnetic field‐based controls …