Geoscientists analyze and integrate spatial and temporal information at a range of scales to
understand Earth processes. Despite this, the concept of scale is ill defined and taught …

While scale cognition and learning is a crosscutting concept that pervades science and can
aid students in making connections across disciplines, students struggle to conceptualize …

Understanding size and scale (USS) and order-of-magnitude reasoning (OMR) are critical
for scientific literacy. This study examines an educational approach to enhance these skills …

ABSTRACT The National Research Council's report, Discipline-Based Education Research:
Understanding and Improving Learning in Undergraduate Science and Engineering (Singer …

Research about geologic time conceptions generally focuses on the placement of events on
the geologic timescale, with few studies dealing with the duration of geologic processes or …

This study uses a one-group pre-test and post-test design to describe the mental models of
geologic time held by a group of Spanish pre-service primary teachers, before and after an …

Graphing is a fundamental part of the scientific process. Scales are key but little‐studied
components of graphs. Adopting a resources‐based framework of cognitive structure, we …

Evolution is a fundamental, organising concept in biology, yet there is widespread
resistance to evolution among US students and there are rising creationist challenges in …

[This paper is part of the Focused Collection on Astronomy Education Research.] One goal
for a scientifically literate citizenry would be for learners to appreciate when the Earth came …

Feedback-based iterative refinement is important in the development of any human-
computer interface. The present work aims to evaluate and iteratively refine an immersive …