Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long
been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and …

Neuronal ensembles, defined as groups of neurons displaying recurring patterns of
coordinated activity, represent an intermediate functional level between individual neurons …

The hippocampus is crucial for spatial navigation and episodic memory formation.
Hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially selective activity within an environment and have …

INTRODUCTION Perceptual experiences in mammals may arise from patterns of neural
circuit activity in cerebral cortex. For example, primary visual cortex (V1) is causally capable …

INTRODUCTION Depression is an episodic form of mental illness, yet the circuit-level
mechanisms driving the induction, remission, and recurrence of depressive episodes over …

Optogenetics ushered in a revolution in how neuroscientists interrogate brain function.
Because of technical limitations, the majority of optogenetic studies have used low spatial …

Neurons in cortical circuits are often coactivated as ensembles, yet it is unclear whether
ensembles play a functional role in behavior. Some ensemble neurons have pattern …

The mechanistic link between neural circuit activity and behavior remains unclear. While
manipulating cortical activity can bias certain behaviors and elicit artificial percepts, some …

Sensory processing in the neocortex requires both feedforward and feedback information
flow between cortical areas. In feedback processing, higher-level representations provide …