Recent global temperature reconstructions for the current interglacial period (the Holocene,
beginning 11,700 years ago) have generated contrasting trends. This Review examines …

Abstract The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) strongly affects the climate of the Indo-Pacific.
Observations suggest a shift towards stronger and earlier positive IOD (pIOD) events …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Proxy reconstructions from marine sediment cores indicate peak temperatures in the first half
of the last and current interglacial periods (the thermal maxima of the Holocene epoch …

An extensive new multi-proxy database of paleo-temperature time series (Temperature 12k)
enables a more robust analysis of global mean surface temperature (GMST) and associated …

The Holocene thermal maximum, a period of global warmth evident in early to mid-Holocene
proxy reconstructions, is controversial. Most model simulations of the Holocene have not …

The modeling of paleoclimate, using physically based tools, is increasingly seen as a strong
out-of-sample test of the models that are used for the projection of future climate changes …

Inconsistencies between Holocene climate reconstructions and numerical model
simulations question the robustness of climate models and proxy temperature records …