Pulsatile blood flow through the cavities of the heart and great vessels is time-varying and
multidirectional. Access to all regions, phases and directions of cardiovascular flows has …

Traditionally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of flow using phase contrast (PC) methods
is accomplished using methods that resolve single‐directional flow in two spatial …

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide non-invasive and non-ionising
methods for the highly accurate anatomical depiction of the heart and vessels throughout the …

Vortices may have a role in optimizing the mechanical efficiency and blood mixing of the left
ventricle (LV). We aimed to characterize the size, position, circulation, and kinetic energy …

Background Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance (4D flow CMR) is an
emerging non-invasive imaging technology used to visualise and quantify intra-cardiac …

Purpose To correct background phase errors in phase‐contrast magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), image‐based correction by referencing through stationary tissue is widely …

We study the formation of the mitral vortex ring during early diastolic filling in a patient-
specific left ventricle using direct numerical simulation. The geometry of the left ventricle is …

Multidimensional blood flow imaging with magnetic resonance has rapidly evolved over the
last decade. The technique, often referred to as 4-dimensional (4D) flow, can now reliably …

Abstract 4D flow MRI permits a comprehensive in-vivo assessment of three-directional blood
flow within 3-dimensional vascular structures throughout the cardiac cycle. Given the large …

Purpose This study aimed to:(i) present and characterize a phantom setup for validation of
four‐dimensional (4D) flow using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser …