Background Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic
microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten …

Plant diseases caused by pathogens and pests are a constant threat to global food security.
Direct crop losses and the measures used to control disease (eg application of pesticides) …

Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to
subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III …

Abstract Knowledge of genetic determinism and evolutionary dynamics mediating host-
pathogen interactions is essential to manage fungal plant diseases. Studies on the genetic …

Plants are able to effectively cope with invading pathogens by activating an immune
response based on the detection of invasion patterns (IPs) originating from the pathogen or …

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most
devastating diseases in wheat and barley worldwide. In addition to causing severe yield …

Plants employ a diverse intracellular system of NLR (nucleotide binding–leucine-rich repeat)
innate immune receptors to detect pathogens of all types. These receptors represent …

Small RNAs (sRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes by silencing their
corresponding target genes in most eukaryotes. However, cross‐kingdom regulation …

As the major postharvest disease of citrus fruit, postharvest green mold is caused by the
necrotrophic fungus Penicillium digitatum (Pd), which leads to huge economic losses …

Necrosis-and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like proteins (NLP) have an extremely
broad taxonomic distribution; they occur in bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. NLPs come in …