G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane segment receptors (GPCRs or 7TM receptors),
with more than 1000 different members, comprise the largest superfamily of proteins in the …

The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) is a well-studied prototype for heterotrimeric guanine
nucleotide–binding protein (G protein)–coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to diffusible …

Extracellular ligand binding to G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulates G protein
and β-arrestin signaling by changing the conformational states of the cytoplasmic region of …

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are remarkably versatile signaling molecules. The
members of this large family of membrane proteins are activated by a spectrum of …

The 826 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the human proteome regulate key
physiological processes and thus have long been attractive drug targets. With the crystal …

The aim of this review is to provide a systematic overview on constitutively active G-protein-
coupled receptors (GPCRs), a rapidly evolving area in signal transduction research. We will …

The movements of transmembrane segments (TMs) 3 and 6 at the cytoplasmic side of the
membrane play an important role in the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Here we …

The majority of transmembrane signal transduction in response to hormones and
neurotransmitters is mediated by G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs). 1 Moreover, GPCRs …

Membrane proteins, encoded by∼ 20% of genes in almost all organisms, including humans,
are critical for cellular communication, electrical and ion balances, structural integrity of the …

Fluorescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (FRET and BRET)
techniques allow the sensitive monitoring of distances between two labels at the nanometer …