Stress constitutes a state of threatened homeostasis triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic
adverse forces (stressors) and is counteracted by an intricate repertoire of physiologic and …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, debilitating autoimmune disorder involving
inflammation and progressive destruction of the joints, affecting up to 1% of the population …

Dysnatremia is associated with increased mortality in patients with community-acquired
pneumonia. SARS-COV2 (Severe-acute-respiratory syndrome caused by Coronavirus-type …

Celsus described four of the five cardinal signs of inflammation 2000 years ago, and
Eustachio discovered the adrenal glands almost 500 years ago, but not until 1936 did Selye …

▪ Abstract The stress response is subserved by the stress system, which is located both in
the central nervous system and the periphery. The principal effectors of the stress system …

Abstract Turnbull, Andrew V., and Catherine L. Rivier. Regulation of the Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action. Physiol. Rev. 79: 1 …

Interleukin-6, an inflammatory cytokine, is characterized by pleiotropy and redundancy of
action. Apart from its hematologic, immune, and hepatic effects, it has many endocrine and …

Despite marked advances in stress research, confusion as to what stress is continues in the
1990s. Thus, it may be of benefit to briefly mention the definitions of four key concepts …

Compelling data has been amassed indicating that soluble factors, or cytokines, emanating
from the immune system can have profound effects on the neuroendocrine system, in …

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder, affecting more than 15% of patients
in the hospital. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is the most frequent cause of …