Maltreatment-related childhood adversity is the leading preventable risk factor for mental
illness and substance abuse. Although the association between maltreatment and …

Upon increasing levels of threat, animals activate qualitatively different defensive modes,
including freezing and active fight-or-flight reactions. Whereas freezing is a form of …

Discovering the processes through which early adverse experiences affect children's
nervous-system development, health, and behavior is critically important for develo** …

Although early-life adversity can undermine healthy development, children growing up in
harsh environments may develop intact, or even enhanced, skills for solving problems in …

Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that
child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric …

How does repeated or chronic childhood adversity shape social and cognitive abilities?
According to the prevailing deficit model, children from high-stress backgrounds are at risk …

In concert with neuropeptides and transmitters, the end products of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the glucocorticoid hormones cortisol and corticosterone …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) will affect one out of every five people in their lifetime and
is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Nevertheless, mechanisms associated with the …

The well-replicated observation that many people maintain mental health despite exposure
to severe psychological or physical adversity has ignited interest in the mechanisms that …