Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems

EV Koonin, KS Makarova, F Zhang - Current opinion in microbiology, 2017 - Elsevier
Highlights•Two classes of CRISPR-Cas systems differ by the architectures of effector
modules.•Effectors of Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems are large, multidomain proteins.•Effector …

Origins and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems

EV Koonin, KS Makarova - Philosophical Transactions of …, 2019 - royalsocietypublishing.org
CRISPR-Cas, the bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity systems, encompass a complex
machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids, mostly from mobile genetic …

C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector

OO Abudayyeh, JS Gootenberg, S Konermann… - Science, 2016 - science.org
INTRODUCTION Almost all archaea and about half of bacteria possess clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) adaptive …

Two distinct RNase activities of CRISPR-C2c2 enable guide-RNA processing and RNA detection

A East-Seletsky, MR O'Connell, SC Knight, D Burstein… - Nature, 2016 - nature.com
Bacterial adaptive immune systems use CRISPRs (clustered regularly interspaced short
palindromic repeats) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins for RNA-guided nucleic acid …

An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems

KS Makarova, YI Wolf, OS Alkhnbashi… - Nature reviews …, 2015 - nature.com
The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and
bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus …

RNA-targeting CRISPR–Cas systems

SPB van Beljouw, J Sanders… - Nature Reviews …, 2023 - nature.com
CRISPR–Cas is a widespread adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea that
protects against viral infection by targeting specific invading nucleic acid sequences …

Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems

P Mohanraju, KS Makarova, B Zetsche, F Zhang… - Science, 2016 - science.org
BACKGROUND Prokaryotes have evolved multiple systems to combat invaders such as
viruses and plasmids. Examples of such defense systems include receptor masking …

Cas13b is a type VI-B CRISPR-associated RNA-guided RNase differentially regulated by accessory proteins Csx27 and Csx28

AA Smargon, DBT Cox, NK Pyzocha, K Zheng… - Molecular cell, 2017 - cell.com
CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems defend microbes against foreign nucleic acids via
RNA-guided endonucleases. Using a computational sequence database mining approach …

Classification and nomenclature of CRISPR-Cas systems: where from here?

KS Makarova, YI Wolf, EV Koonin - The CRISPR journal, 2018 - liebertpub.com
As befits an immune mechanism, CRISPR-Cas systems are highly variable with respect to
Cas protein sequences, gene composition, and organization of the genomic loci. Optimal …

Type III CRISPR–Cas systems produce cyclic oligoadenylate second messengers

O Niewoehner, C Garcia-Doval, JT Rostøl, C Berk… - Nature, 2017 - nature.com
In many prokaryotes, type III clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat
(CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems detect and degrade invasive genetic …