Shoulder function is a compromise between mobility and stability. Its large mobility is based
on the structure of the glenohumeral joint and simultaneous motion of all segments of the …

Apes, members of the superfamily Hominoidea, possess a distinctive suite of anatomical
and behavioral characters which appear to have evolved relatively late and relatively …

Living hominoids are distinguished by upright torsos and versatile locomotion. It is
hypothesized that these features evolved for feeding on fruit from terminal branches in …

Whether early hominins were adept tree climbers is unclear. Although some researchers
have argued that bipedality maladapts the hominin skeleton for climbing, others have …

As noted by previous researchers, the chimpanzee postcranial anatomy reflects a
compromise between the competing demands of arboreal and terrestrial locomotion. In this …

We present quantitative data on the hindlimb musculature of Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla
gorilla, Gorilla gorilla graueri, Pongo pygmaeus abelii and Hylobates lar and discuss the …

Paleoanthropologists have long argued—often contentiously—about the climbing abilities of
early hominins and whether a foot adapted to terrestrial bipedalism constrained regular …

One of the great ongoing debates in palaeo‐anthropology is when, and how, hominids
acquired habitual bipedal locomotion. The newly adopted bipedal gait and the ancestral …

Objectives Musculoskeletal modeling is a powerful approach for studying the biomechanics
and energetics of locomotion. Australopithecus (A.) afarensis is among the best represented …

Musculoskeletal models have become important tools for studying a range of muscle-driven
movements. However, most work has been in modern humans, with few applications in …