Driven by recent empirical studies, we offer a new understanding of the degrees of freedom
problem, and propose a refined concept of synergy as a neural organization that ensures a …

The human hand has so many degrees of freedom that it may seem impossible to control. A
potential solution to this problem is “synergy control” which combines dimensionality …

Synergy discusses a general problem in biology: The lack of an adequate language for
formulating biologically specific problems. Written for an inquisitive reader who is not …

Biomechanics and Motor Control: Defining Central Concepts provides a thorough update to
the rapidly evolving fields of biomechanics of human motion and motor control with research …

We revisit the concept of synergy based on the recently translated classical book by Nikolai
Bernstein (On the construction of movements, Medgiz, Moscow 1947; Latash, Bernstein's …

Key points We used the idea of synergic control and the framework of the uncontrolled
manifold hypothesis to explore the synergic control of a single muscle. Individual motor units …

We tested a hypothesis on force-stabilizing synergies during four-finger accurate force
production at three levels:(1) The level of the reciprocal and coactivation commands …

We used the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis to explore the relations
between anticipatory synergy adjustments (ASAs) and anticipatory postural adjustments …

The structure of joint angle variability and its changes with practice were investigated using
the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) computational approach. Subjects performed fast and …

We studied age-related changes in the performance of maximal and accurate submaximal
force and moment production tasks. Elderly and young subjects pressed on six dimensional …