In recent years, there has been rising interest in additively manufactured shape memory
polymers (SMPs) and their multi-functional composites. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an …

Abstract Mechanical Metamaterials (MMs) are artificially designed structures with
extraordinary properties that are dependent on micro architectures and spatial tessellations …

Anisotropy is the characteristic of a material to exhibit variations in its mechanical, electrical,
thermal, optical properties, etc. along different directions. Anisotropic materials have …

Shape-morphing structures that can reconfigure their shape to adapt to diverse tasks are
highly desirable for intelligent machines in many interdisciplinary fields. Shape memory …

Multimaterial (MM) 3D printing shows great potential for application in metamaterials,
flexible electronics, biomedical devices and robots, since it can seamlessly integrate …

For many years, 3D Printing technologies have created significant advancements in the
fields of engineering and healthcare. 4D printing is also introduced, which is the advanced …

Functional gradient materials (FGMs) are composite materials made up of two or more
materials, with components or structures that gradually change, resulting in a gradual …

Active composites consisting of materials that respond differently to environmental stimuli
can transform their shapes. Integrating active composites and 4D printing allows the printed …