Abstract Nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) are essential macronutrients for
plant growth and development, and their availability affects crop yield. Compared with N, the …

Calcium is an essential element needed for growth and development of plants under both
non-stressed and stress conditions. It thereby fulfills a dual function, being not only an …

Adverse variations of abiotic environmental cues that deviate from an optimal range impose
stresses to plants. Abiotic stresses severely impede plant physiology and development …

Content Summary 414 I. Introduction 415 II. Ca2+ importer and exporter in plants 415 III. The
Ca2+ decoding toolkit in plants 415 IV. Mechanisms of Ca2+ signal decoding 417 V …

Calcium (Ca 2+) serves as an essential nutrient as well as a signaling agent in all
eukaryotes. In plants, calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) are a unique group of Ca 2+ …

Modern agriculture relies on mineral fertilization. Unlike other major macronutrients,
potassium (K+) is not incorporated into organic matter but remains as soluble ion in the cell …

Background Salinity is a global issue threatening agricultural production systems across the
globe. While the major focus of plant salinity stress tolerance research has been on sodium …

Excess soil salinity affects large regions of land and is a major hindrance to crop production
worldwide. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance has …

Nitrogen (N) availability is a major factor determining plant growth and productivity. Plants
acquire inorganic N from the soil, mainly in the form of nitrate and ammonium. To date …

Potassium is the major cation responsible for the maintenance of the ionic environment in
plant cells. Stable potassium homeostasis is indispensable for virtually all cellular functions …