To achieve accurate forecasting of the peak height of the ionospheric F2 layer (hmF2), we
propose a hybrid deep learning model of improved seagull optimization algorithm (ISOA) …

Day‐to‐day variability is an intricate aspect of the ionosphere and thermosphere (IT) system.
Its ubiquitous but random presence makes it difficult to track down and hard to predict …

In this paper, a deep learning long-short-term memory (LSTM) method is applied to the
forecasting of the critical frequency of the ionosphere F2 layer (foF2). Hourly values of foF2 …

The propagation of radio signals in the Earth's atmosphere is dominantly affected by the
ionosphere due to its dispersive nature. Global Positioning System (GPS) data provides …

In this paper, a procedure for updating the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model
by means of assimilated vertical total electron content (vTEC) measurements from a Global …

We report an unusual event on absence of high frequency (HF) echoes in ionosonde
observations from the ionospheric F2 region during the geomagnetic storm of 23–25 April …

This paper presents a statistical analysis of ionospheric response over ionosonde stations
Grahamstown (33.3° S, 26.5° E, geographic) and Madimbo (22.4° S, 30.9° E, geographic) …

The short-term forecast of the critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer (foF2) is
particularly challenging due to its nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics. To improve …

The solar wind effects on the Earth's environment are studied for their basic scientific values
and crucial practical impacts on technological systems. This paper reports results of Total …

In this paper, we investigate the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) variations over
Manama, Bahrain, through Global Positioning System (GPS) observations from an …