The hypersensitive defence response is found in all higher plants and is characterized by a
rapid cell death at the point of pathogen ingress. It is usually associated with pathogen …

Lipid peroxidation is the process by which oxygen combines with lipids to generate lipid
hydroperoxides via intermediate formation of peroxyl radicals. Vitamin E and coenzyme Q …

Many researchers, especially those new to the field, need to determine which criteria are
essential for demonstrating autophagy, either for the purposes of their own research, or in …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy.
Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered …

Xylem hydraulic failure has been recognized as a pervasive factor in the triggering of
drought-induced tree mortality. However, foundational evidence of the mechanistic link …

Contents I. Introduction 295 II. Evolution of the Plant Vascular System 295 III. Phloem
Development & Differentiation 300 IV. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xylem Cell …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated inevitably in the redox reactions of plants,
including respiration and photosynthesis. In earlier studies, ROS were considered as toxic …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of non-essential heavy metals which is released into environment
naturally or anthropogenically. It is highly persistent toxic metals that are exceptionally …

This review considers the relationship between the lifespan of an individual plant and the
longevity of its component cells, tissues and organs. It begins by defining the terms …