Evidence of care for the ill and injured amongst Neanderthals, inferred through skeletal
evidence for survival from severe illness and injury, is widely accepted. However, healthcare …

A large body of work focuses on the unique aspects of Neanderthal anatomy, inferred
physiology, and behavior to test the assumption that Neanderthals were hyper‐adapted to …

Objectives The human respiratory apparatus is characterized by sexual dimorphism, the
cranial airways of males being larger (both absolutely and relatively) than those of females …

Ontogenetic studies help us understand the processes of evolutionary change. Previous
studies on Neandertals have focused mainly on dental development and inferred an …

Hominin evolution featured shifts from a trunk shape suitable for climbing and housing a
large gut to a trunk adapted to bipedalism and higher quality diets. Our knowledge regarding …

Here we present an updated inventory and study of pectoral girdle remains recovered from
the Sima de los Huesos (SH) site. Here, we describe the key morphological traits of adults …

The size and shape of the Neandertal thorax has been debated since the first discovery of
Neandertal ribs more than 150 years ago, with workers proposing different interpretations …

Neanderthals are our one of our closest evolutionary cousins, but while they evolved in
Eurasia, we (anatomically modern humans, AMH) originated in Africa. This contrasting …

Sexual dimorphism is important for intraspecific variation and well studied in the human
skeleton. In the thoracic part of the spine sexual dimorphism is expected for differences in …

Humans are limited in their capacity to convert protein into energy. We present a hypothesis
that a “bell” shaped thorax and a wide pelvis evolved in Neandertals, at least in part, as an …