Glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol and corticosterone-CORT) are the effector hormones of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine system. CORT is a systemic …

This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

Abstract Evaluation of physiological stress in the tiger (Panthera tigris) using faecal cortisol
metabolite (FCM) enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) provides a powerful conservation …

Animal response to stressors such as harsh environmental conditions and demanding
biological processes requires energy generated through increased mitochondrial activity …

Anthropogenic noise is a pervasive pollutant that decreases environmental quality by
disrupting a suite of behaviors vital to perception and communication. However, even within …

Conservation physiology proposes that measures of physiological stress (glucocorticoid
levels) can be used to assess the status and future fate of natural populations. Increases in …

Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable
factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological …

Summary 1 A growing number of ecologists are turning to the enumeration of white blood
cells from blood smears (leukocyte profiles) to assess stress in animals. There has been …

Given the connection between chronic stress and health, there has been a growing
emphasis on identifying chronically stressed wild animals, especially in relation to …

Many aspects of the social environment affect hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis
function and increase circulating glucocorticoid concentrations. In this review, we examine …