Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

Cancer immunotherapy using anti‐programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) antibodies has
been used in various clinical applications and achieved certain results. However, such …

Background Immune escape, a process by which tumor cells evade immune surveillance,
remains a challenge for cancer therapy. Tumor cells produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) …

Abstract Background Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) changed the therapeutic
landscape of patients with lung cancer. However, only a subset of them derived clinical …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by cells, both constitutively and after cell
activation, and are present in different types of biological fluid. Exosomes are involved in the …

Breast cancer continues to pose a substantial worldwide health concern, demanding a
thorough comprehension of the complex interaction between cancerous cells and the …

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently invasive malignancy and the leading cause of
tumor-related mortality among women worldwide. Cancer metastasis is a complex …

Maintaining the balance between eliciting immune responses against foreign proteins and
tolerating self-proteins is crucial for maintenance of homeostasis. The functions of …

Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles produced by endosomes, are important
performers of intercellular communication functions. For more than three decades, there has …