Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common condition that is
believed to affect> 25% of adults worldwide. Unless specific testing is done to identify …

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the control of
bile acid (BA) synthesis and enterohepatic circulation. FXR can influence glucose and lipid …

This American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) 2018 Practice Guidance
on Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC) is an update of the PBC guidelines published in 2009 …

Background Primary biliary cholangitis (formerly called primary biliary cirrhosis) can
progress to cirrhosis and death despite ursodiol therapy. Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin …

Advances in our understanding of how the gut microbiota contributes to human health and
diseases have expanded our insight into how microbial composition and function affect the …

Over the past two decades, bile acids (BAs) have become established as important
signaling molecules that enable fine-tuned inter-tissue communication from the liver, their …

Background & Aims Fatty liver disease, including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and
steatohepatitis (NASH), has been associated with increased intestinal barrier permeability …

Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic steroid acids whose production and diversity depend on
both host and microbial metabolism. These metabolites have emerged as biologically active …

The incidence of the metabolic syndrome has taken epidemic proportions in the past
decades, contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The …

Background & Aims Obeticholic acid (OCA; INT-747, 6α-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid) is a
semisynthetic derivative of the primary human bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid, the natural …