This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in the clinic, and while it has a direct
effect on neuronal excitability, the beneficial effects experienced by patients are likely to …

Electrophysiological characterization of live human tissue from epilepsy patients has been
performed for many decades. Although initially these studies sought to understand the …

Amygdala kindling is a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with convulsion. The rapid
amygdala kindling has an advantage on quick development of motor seizures and for …

In vivo reprogramming of reactive glial cells to neurons has opened a new horizon in
regenerative medicine. Our previous study showed that astrocytes could be converted to …

Kindling results in abnormal synaptic potentiation and significant impairment in learning and
memory. Electromagnetic field (EMF) effects on learning and memory in kindled animals and …

Kindled seizures can impair learning and memory. In the present study the effect of low-
frequency electrical stimulation (LFS) on kindled seizure-induced impairment in spatial …

Non-invasive brain tissue stimulation with a magnetic coil provides several irreplaceable
advantages over that with an implanted electrode, in altering neural activities under …

Low frequency stimulation (LFS) has been proposed as a new approach in the treatment of
epilepsy. The anticonvulsant mechanism of LFS may be through its effect on GABA A …

Structured Abstract Background Although transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has
become a valuable method for non-invasive brain stimulation, the cellular basis of TMS …