The areal extent, concentration and thickness of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent
seas have strongly decreased during the recent decades, but cold, snow-rich winters have …

As assessed over the period of satellite observations, October 1978 to present, there are
downward linear trends in Arctic sea ice extent for all months, largest at the end of the melt …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Manifestations of climate change are often shown as gradual changes in physical or
biogeochemical properties. Components of the climate system, however, can show stepwise …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Microplastics (MP) are recognized as a growing environmental hazard and have been
identified as far as the remote Polar Regions, with particularly high concentrations of …

A new version of sea ice motion and age products includes several significant upgrades in
processing, corrects known issues with the previous version, and updates the time series …

Sea ice in the Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing components of the global climate
system. Over the past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all …

Atmospheric humidity, clouds, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are essential
components of the Arctic climate system. During recent decades, specific humidity and …

The loss of Arctic sea ice has emerged as a leading signal of global warming. This, together
with acknowledged impacts on other components of the Earth system, has led to the term …