The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized
microenvironment of the neural tissue. It separates the peripheral circulatory system from the …

Lipids constitute the bulk of the dry mass of the brain and have been associated with healthy
function as well as the most common pathological conditions of the brain. Demographic …

It has long been recognized that an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modify
the cell‐signaling proteins and have functional consequences, which successively mediate …

Mitochondria are unique organelles that are essential for a variety of cellular processes
including energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and apoptosis …

Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central aspect of aging and neurodegenerative diseases,
including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and …

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) enables many metabolic processes, but
why its inhibition suppresses cell proliferation is unclear. It is also not well understood why …

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease …

Resistance to therapeutic agents, either intrinsic or acquired, is currently a major problem in
the treatment of cancers and occurs in virtually every type of anti-cancer therapy. Therefore …

Execution of fundamental cellular functions demands regulated protein folding homeostasis.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an active organelle existing to implement this function by …