The lungs are constantly exposed to inhaled debris, allergens, pollutants, commensal or
pathogenic microorganisms, and respiratory viruses. As a result, innate and adaptive …

Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide help to B cells, supporting the formation of germinal
centres that allow affinity maturation of antibody responses. Although usually located in …

Dendritic cells (DCs) can be viewed as translators between innate and adaptive immunity.
They integrate signals derived from tissue infection or damage and present processed …

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the
immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical …

Germinal center (GC) B cells are the source of the high-affinity, class-switched antibodies
required for protective immunity. The unique biology of GC B cells involves iterative rounds …

Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversification and affinity maturation and as
such are vitally important for humoral immunity. The study of GC biology has undergone a …

The germinal center (GC) is a specialized microstructure that forms in secondary lymphoid
tissues, producing long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells, which …

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a flexible, hydrophilic simple polymer that is physically attached
to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, liposomes, and nanoparticles to reduce renal clearance …

Humoral immunity depends on the germinal centre (GC) reaction during which somatically
mutated high-affinity memory B cells and plasma cells are generated. Recent studies have …

Chemokines are chemo tactic cyto kines that control the migratory patterns and positioning
of all immune cells. Although chemokines were initially appreciated as important mediators …