Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

In vivo two-photon calcium imaging (2PCI) is a technique used for recording neuronal
activity in the intact brain. It is based on the principle that, when neurons fire action …

Learning has been associated with modifications of synaptic and circuit properties, but the
precise changes storing information in mammals have remained largely unclear. We …

Genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators are ideally suited to reveal the
millisecond-scale interactions among and between targeted cell populations. However …

Optical interrogation of voltage in deep brain locations with cellular resolution would be
immensely useful for understanding how neuronal circuits process information. Here, we …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Dendrites have always fascinated researchers: from the artistic drawings by Ramon y Cajal
to the beautiful recordings of today, neuroscientists have been striving to unravel the …

Video-based screening of pooled libraries is a powerful approach for directed evolution of
biosensors because it enables selection along multiple dimensions simultaneously from …

Motivation to work for potential rewards is critically dependent on dopamine (DA) in the
nucleus accumbens (NAc). DA release from NAc axons can be controlled by at least two …

The actions of neuromodulation are thought to mediate the ability of the mammalian brain to
dynamically adjust its functional state in response to changes in the environment. Altered …