Coral reefs are biodiverse and productive ecosystems but are threatened by local and
global stresses. The resulting loss of coral reefs is threatening coastal food and livelihoods …

This paper presents a literature review on the economic valuation of Harmful Algal Bloom
(HAB) impacts, identifying methodological challenges, policy implications, and gaps. Unlike …

Recent calls for ocean planning envision informed management of social and ecological
systems to sustain delivery of ecosystem services to people. However, until now, no coastal …

Marine and coastal environments provide extensive and essential ecosystem services upon
which much of humanity relies, yet the incorporation of human dimensions into marine and …

There is a multitude of ecosystem service classifications available within the literature, each
with its own advantages and drawbacks. Elements of them have been used to tailor a …

Habitat loss and degradation are recognised as the most important causes of species
decline and extinction in marine ecosystems. It is also widely recognised that a range of …

Coastal erosion is a major issue facing Europe that will only worsen under future climate
change and the resulting sea level rise. One effect of erosion is the loss of ecosystem …

Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is used in many contexts to compare the monetary costs and
benefits of taking different actions. It has thus been advocated as a suitable method for …

In the Anthropocene, marine ecosystems are rapidly shifting to new ecological states.
Achieving effective conservation of marine biodiversity has become a fast‐moving target …

Mangroves provide many benefits to human welfare, but they are disappearing rapidly;
Ecuador and countries within the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) region have lost over 40 …