As a greater proportion of patients survive their initial cardiac insult, medical systems
worldwide are being faced with an ever-growing need to understand the mechanisms …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. However, the development of
preventative therapies for AF has been disappointing. The infiltration of immune cells and …

Both oxidative stress and inflammation are enhanced in chronic heart failure. Dysfunction of
cardiac mitochondria is a hallmark of heart failure and a leading cause of oxidative stress …

Introduction• Main HSPs• HSPs, cell signalling and apoptosis‐HSPs' targets in upstream
signalling pathways‐HSPs' targets at the mitochondrial level‐HSPs' targets at the post …

Despite advances in treatment of patients who suffer from ischemic heart disease, morbidity
related to myocardial infarction is increasing in Western societies. Acute and chronic …

Inflammatory processes underlie a broad spectrum of conditions that injure the heart muscle
and cause both structural and functional deficits. In this article, we address current …

Aims Mitochondrial fusion and fission are essential processes for preservation of normal
mitochondrial function. We hypothesized that fusion proteins would be decreased in heart …

Medical systems worldwide are being faced with a growing need to understand mechanisms
behind the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF) that is considered as a leading cause of …

Emerging evidence indicates that heat shock proteins (HSPs) are critical regulators in
normal neural physiological function as well as in cell stress responses. The functions of …

Exosomes, which are 50-to 100-nm-diameter lipid vesicles, have been implicated in
intercellular communication, including transmitting malignancy, and as a way for viral …