Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects many adults worldwide. Persistent low-grade
inflammation is a substantial factor in its development and progression and has correlated …

Renal tubules are the major component of the kidney and are vulnerable to a variety of
injuries including hypoxia, proteinuria, toxins, metabolic disorders, and senescence. It has …

TGF-β1 has been long considered as a key mediator in renal fibrosis and induces renal
scarring largely by activating its downstream Smad signaling pathway. Interestingly, while …

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) is the hallmark of chronic kidney disease and best predictor of
renal survival. Many different cell types contribute to TIF progression including tubular …

Hyperuricemia is associated with renal disease, but it is usually considered a marker of
renal dysfunction rather than a risk factor for progression. Recent studies have reported that …

Hypoxia and hypoxia signalling through the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor-1
(HIF-1), play an important role in normal tissue repair processes. Tissue injury generally …

Kidney fibrosis is the unavoidable consequence of chronic kidney disease irrespective of the
primary underlying insult. It is a complex phenomenon governed by the interplay between …

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in renal pathophysiology. Vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial-specific growth factor that promotes …

Simple Summary Acute kidney injury can result from multiple factors. The main cause is
reduced renal perfusion. Kidneys are susceptible to ischemia due to the anatomy of …

Recent evidence suggests that injury to the renal vasculature may play an important role in
the pathogenesis of both early and chronic ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Established …