Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder,
characterized by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative emotions and thoughts, and …

To understand brain function, it is essential that we discover how cellular signaling specifies
normal and pathological brain function. In this regard, chemogenetic technologies represent …

Optogenetic tools enable examination of how specific cell types contribute to brain circuit
functions. A long-standing question is whether it is possible to independently activate two …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine has attracted enormous
interest in mental health research owing to its rapid antidepressant actions, but its …

Severe behavioural deficits in psychiatric diseases such as autism and schizophrenia have
been hypothesized to arise from elevations in the cellular balance of excitation and …

Optogenetics is a technology that allows targeted, fast control of precisely defined events in
biological systems as complex as freely moving mammals. By delivering optical control at …

Social interaction is a complex behavior essential for many species and is impaired in major
neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacological studies have implicated certain …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have …