Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

Posttranslational modifications are covalent changes made to proteins that typically alter the
function or location of the protein. AMPylation is an emerging posttranslational modification …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are entities found in the prokaryotic genomes, with eight
reported types. Type II, the best characterized, is comprised of two genes organized as an …

Protein folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is defended by an unfolded
protein response that matches ER chaperone capacity to the burden of unfolded proteins. As …

Host-targeting type IV secretion systems (T4SS) evolved from conjugative T4SS machineries
that mediate interbacterial plasmid transfer. However, the origins of effectors secreted by …

The α‐proteobacterial genus Bartonella comprises a large number of facultative intracellular
pathogens that share a common lifestyle hallmarked by hemotrophic infection and arthropod …

To adapt to fluctuating protein folding loads in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Hsp70
chaperone BiP is reversibly modified with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) by the ER …

Protein chaperones play a critical role in proteostasis. The activity of the major endoplasmic
reticulum chaperone BiP (GRP78) is regulated by Fic-mediated AMPylation during resting …

During the last decade, FIC proteins have emerged as a large family comprised of a variety
of bacterial enzymes and a single member in animals. The air de famille of FIC proteins …

The α-proteobacterial genus Bartonella comprises a group of ubiquitous mammalian
pathogens that are studied as a model for the evolution of bacterial pathogenesis. Vast …