This review addresses a fundamental, yet poorly understood set of issues in systems
neuroscience. The issues revolve around conceptualizations of the organization of learning …

The absence or loss of rewards or reinforcers holds a major role in the development of
depression in humans. In spite of the prevalence of extinction-induced depression (EID) in …

Although high levels of anxiety might be expected to negatively influence learning and
memory, it remains to be shown whether individual differences in anxiety may influence …

Although a substantial progress has been made in recent years on understanding the
processes mediating extinction of learned threat, little is known about the context-dependent …

Aged rodents exhibit memory and attention dysfunctions. Environmental enrichment (EE)
attenuates memory impairments. Whether it may reduce attention deficits is not known. At …

We present a 2-day water maze protocol that addresses some of potential confounds
present in the water maze when using the aged subjects typical of studies of …

Impacts of environmental complexity on affective states in slow-growing broiler chickens
(Gallus gallus domesticus) are unknown. Chickens' performance in judgment bias tests …

The multiple memory systems theory proposes that the hippocampus and the dorsolateral
striatum are the core structures of the spatial/relational and stimulus-response (SR) memory …

The aim of the present work was to relate age‐related individual differences in cognitive
function with behavioural strategies employed in social and non‐social challenges. To this …

Impaired learning and memory performance is often found in aging as an early sign of
dementia. It is associated with neuronal loss and reduced functioning of cholinergic …