Animal sex chromosomes typically carry the upstream sex-determining gene that triggers
testis or ovary development and, in some species, are regulated by global dosage …

Although sex is a fundamental component of eukaryotic reproduction, the genetic systems
that control sex determination are highly variable. In many organisms the presence of sex …

Current theory proposes that degenerated sex chromosomes—such as the mammalian Y—
evolve through three steps:(i) recombination arrest, linking male-beneficial alleles to the Y …

Until recently, the field of sex chromosome evolution has been dominated by the canonical
unidirectional scenario, first developed by Muller in 1918. This model postulates that sex …

Sex differences in aging occur in many animal species, and they include sex differences in
lifespan, in the onset and progression of age‐associated decline, and in physiological and …

The recent advances in DNA sequencing technology are enabling a rapid increase in the
number of genomes being sequenced. However, many fundamental questions in genome …

Sex chromosomes are widespread in species with separate sexes. They have evolved many
times independently and display a truly remarkable diversity. New sequencing technologies …

In many multicellular eukaryotes, heteromorphic sex chromosomes are responsible for
determining the sexual characteristics and reproductive functions of individuals. Sex …

Mechanisms of sex chromosome dosage compensation (SCDC) differ strikingly among
animals. In Drosophila flies, chromosome-wide transcription is doubled from the single X …

The attention given to heteromorphism and genetic degeneration of “classical sex
chromosomes”(Y chromosomes in XY systems, and the W in ZW systems that were studied …