The proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 are the downstream
components of a phosphorelay pathway that conveys growth and mitogenic signals largely …

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the major cell type in blood vessels. Unlike
many other mature cell types in the adult body, VSMC do not terminally differentiate but …

Fibroblasts differentiate into myofibroblasts by acquiring new contractile function. This is
important for tissue repair, but it also contributes to organ fibrosis. Platelet-derived growth …

Calvarial bone is one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in
embryology, featuring a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as …

Hedgehog pathway–dependent cancers can escape Smoothened (SMO) inhibition through
mutations in genes encoding canonical hedgehog pathway components; however, around …

Background: Pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, collectively known as mural cells,
are recruited through PDGFB (platelet-derived growth factor B)-PDGFRB (platelet-derived …

Receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated growth factor signaling is essential for proper formation
and development of the neural crest. The many ligands and receptors implicated in these …

Recent evidence implicates the myocardin‐related transcription factors (MRTFs) as key
mediators of the phenotypic plasticity leading to the conversion of various cell types into …

Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling governs multiple processes important in
development and disease. Many lines of evidence have implicated Erk1/2 signaling induced …

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) signal through shared intracellular pathways yet mediate
distinct outcomes across many cell types. To investigate the mechanisms underlying RTK …