Neurons have diverse molecular, morphological, connectional and functional properties. We
believe that the only realistic way to manage this complexity—and thereby pave the way for …

The wide variety of animal behaviours that can be observed today arose through the
evolution of their underlying neural circuits. Advances in understanding the mechanisms …

Brains contain networks of interconnected neurons and so knowing the network architecture
is essential for understanding brain function. We therefore mapped the synaptic-resolution …

Artificial scent screening systems (known as electronic noses, E‐noses) have been
researched extensively. A portable, automatic, and accurate, real‐time E‐nose requires both …

Associating stimuli with positive or negative reinforcement is essential for survival, but a
complete wiring diagram of a higher-order circuit supporting associative memory has not …

To understand the brain, molecular details need to be overlaid onto neural wiring diagrams
so that synaptic mode, neuromodulation and critical signaling operations can be considered …

The entomology literature has historically suggested insects cannot feel pain, leading to
their exclusion from ethical debates and animal welfare legislation. However, there may be …

The olfactory system is an ideal and tractable system for exploring how the brain transforms
sensory inputs into behaviour. The basic tasks of any olfactory system include odour …

Nervous systems contain sensory neurons, local neurons, projection neurons, and motor
neurons. To understand how these building blocks form whole circuits, we must distil these …

High-resolution electron microscopy of nervous systems has enabled the reconstruction of
synaptic connectomes. However, we do not know the synaptic sign for each connection (ie …