The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis specifies that closely related species or
populations experiencing different ecological conditions should differ in a suite of metabolic …

The essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) is the precursor of the monoaminergic
neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Numerous studies have shown that …

Recent studies of animal personality have focused on its proximate causation and its
ecological and evolutionary significance, but have mostly ignored questions about its …

Baseline glucocorticoid (cort) levels are increasingly employed as physiological indices of
the relative condition or health of individuals and populations. Often, high cort levels are …

With the exception of a few model species, individual differences in cognition remain
relatively unstudied in non-human animals. One intriguing possibility is that variation in …

In this paper we show how animal personality could explain some of the large inter‐
individual variation in resting metabolic rate (MR) and explore methodological and …

A co** style (also termed behavioural syndrome or personality) is defined as a correlated
set of individual behavioural and physiological characteristics that is consistent over time …

The study of phenotypic evolution should be an integrative endeavor that combines different
approaches and crosses disciplinary and phylogenetic boundaries to consider complex …

Behaviour represents a reaction to the environment as fish perceive it and is therefore a key
element of fish welfare. This review summarises the main findings on how behavioural …

Publisher Summary This chapter provides insights for behavioral ecology from behavioral
syndromes. A behavioral syndrome involves behavioral consistency, both within and …