Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

Significant progress has been made in the 21st century towards a comprehensive
understanding of the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics, coincident with progress …

Spatial learning, including encoding and retrieval of spatial memories as well as holding
spatial information in working memory generally serving navigation under a broad range of …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a critical public health concern with profound consequences
for affected individuals. This comprehensive literature review delves into TBI intricacies …

Background Differences between people with schizophrenia and psychiatrically healthy
controls have been consistently demonstrated on measures of retinal function such as …

The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for associating initially neutral cues with appetitive
and aversive stimuli and receives dense neuromodulatory acetylcholine (ACh) projections …

From an anatomical point of view the neocortex is subdivided into up to six layers depending
on the cortical area. This subdivision has been described already by Meynert and Brodmann …

Visual attention is the cognitive process that mediates the selection of important information
from the environment. This selection is usually controlled by bottom-up and top-down …

Life expectancy of humans has increased continuously up to the present days, but their
health status (healthspan) was not enhanced by similar extent. To decrease enormous …