Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biocompatible, nano‐sized secreted vesicles containing
many types of biomolecules, including proteins, RNAs, DNAs, lipids, and metabolites. Their …

Urine is a valuable diagnostic medium and, with the discovery of urinary extracellular
vesicles, is viewed as a dynamic bioactive fluid. Extracellular vesicles are lipid-enclosed …

The intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of endosomes mediate the delivery of activated signaling
receptors and other proteins to lysosomes for degradation, but they also modulate …

Exosomes are membrane‐bound extracellular vesicles that are produced in the endosomal
compartment of most mammalian cell types and then released. Exosomes are effective …

Activation of the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) upon its
phosphorylation by the protein kinase RIPK3 triggers necroptosis, a form of programmed cell …

The ESCRT proteins are an ancient system that buds membranes and severs membrane
necks from their inner face. Three “classical” functions of the ESCRT s have dominated …

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) deliver cargo destined for degradation to the vacuole or
lysosome. The ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) pathway is a key …

In addition to intracellular organelles, eukaryotic cells also contain extracellular organelles
that are released, or shed, into the microenvironment. These membranous extracellular …

Delivery of genes, including plasmid DNAs, short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and
messenger RNAs (mRNAs), using artificial non-viral nanotherapeutics is a promising …

Abstract cGAS‐STING signalling is induced by detection of foreign or mislocalised host
double‐stranded (ds) DNA within the cytosol. STING acts as the major signalling hub, where …