Review on three IL-4-related branch points for immune regulation: alternative splicing of IL-
4, differential receptor engagement, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by …

Abstract CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) was originally discovered as pulmonary and
activation-regulated chemokine (PARC), dendritic cell (DC)-chemokine 1 (DC-CK1) …

Rationale: Recently, models of macrophage activation have been revised. Macrophages
stimulated with Th2 cytokines have been classified as alternatively activated. Objectives …

Gaucher disease is characterized by storage of glucosylceramide in lysosomes of tissue
macrophages as the result of an autosomal recessively inherited deficiency in …

Levels of pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine (PARC) mRNA and protein are
increased in the lungs of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to …

Objective To clarify the clinical significance of serum levels of pulmonary and activation‐
regulated chemokine (PARC) in the diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in …

Background CCL18 is a CC chemokine produced mainly by antigen-presenting cells, and is
chemotactic predominantly for T-lymphocytes. CCL18 can stimulate pulmonary fibroblasts …

Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disorder characterized by an accumulation of
activated lymphocytes, predominantly T helper cells, expressing the Th1 phenotype and …

Sarcoidosis is characterized by intense inflammation at the different sites of localization.
Many different mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and other proteins with various …

Cytokines are small, secreted proteins that control immune responses. Within the lung, they
can control host responses to injuries or infection, resulting in clearance of the insult, repair …